cause and effect of religious conflict

Psychol. Languages and Linguistics. Causes of the Thirty Years' War With Emperor Ferdinand II's ascension to head of state of the Holy Roman Empire in 1619, religious conflict began to foment. Hence, the social dimension of religious extremism in our approach is indicated in Indonesia by patterns of externally attributing the causes of in-group disadvantages, and forcing out-groups as well as all in-group members to follow narrow, prescriptive social norms. Azman, A. With Emperor Ferdinand IIs ascension to head of state of the Holy Roman Empire in 1619, religious conflict began to foment. Nevertheless, as noted above, political beliefs and actions have been the primary focus of religious extremism as defined by scholars (e.g., Webber et al., 2017). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). These numbers translate into votes for the far-right. They believe that political norms should be applied to change the current locally adapted political systems across many Muslim countries. Within the Christian tradition, the Puritan movement is one historical example of ritual extremism, rejecting other Christian denominations as insufficiently pure and compromised by lax tolerance of cultural practices. Political Violence 22, 601622. Consider for example the current extremism by Rakhine Buddhist in Myanmar against Rohingya Muslims. Numen 50, 476479. SW, WL, and JJ contributed to the final version of the manuscript, responding to reviewers feedback. G. Giordan and W. H. Jr. Swatos (Springer Science & Business Media: New York, NY). Moderate positions on the theological dimension are indicated by the prominence of gracious images of God and an appreciation of differences in theological beliefs. Religiosity as identity: toward an understanding of religion from a social identity perspective. For example, a group named Wahdah Islamiyah has a strong campaign to purify Muslims theological beliefs and the way religious rituals are conducted, seeking to return to an ideal standard of the past. 10:2560. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02560. Available at: https://tirto.id/mengapa-sebagian-warganet-gemar-mempolitisasi-bencana-sebagai-azab-cQE4 (Accessed February 26, 2019). (1992). 5 Timothy Fitzgerald argues that there is no coherent concept of religion; the term should be regarded as a form of mystification and scrapped. More recently, Saroglou (2011) proposed four basic dimensions of religion and individual religiosity that are partially distinct: believing (i.e., representing the cognitive function of religion), bonding (i.e., experiences that bond individuals with perceived transcendent reality, others, and the inner-self), behaving (i.e., specific norms and moral arguments defining right and wrong), and belonging (i.e., identification with particular tradition, denomination, or a specific religious group). 24, 251257. Wars of Religion, (1562-98) conflicts in France between Protestants and Roman Catholics. Life satisfaction and religiosity in broad probability samples. Rich descriptive information about the context and specific intra- or intergroup processes need to be considered to enable a multidimensional model tailored and adapted to specific contexts. 7.6: Religious Conflict in North Africa and Southwest Asia Poland says Wagner troops in Belarus 'threat' to countries of the region, Watch | Moment when 13-year-old Aussie skateboarder pulled off an incredible trick and made history, Survey reveals 43% companies set to utilise AI interviews by next year, Riot police face protesters at the end of a demonstration organised by the right-wing populist 'Pro Chemnitz' movement. Strategi dakwah salafi di Indonesia (The Salafis preaching strategy in Indonesia). Psychol. Schmid, A. P. (2014). 21, 461467. (1968). When adopting this model in different or wider contexts (e.g., Islamic movements in Pakistan or Egypt, or Christian groups in the Philippines or Northern Ireland), researchers need to think carefully about the transferability of the model. One prominent definition of extremism as a motivation for terrorism is that extremism comprises ideological beliefs about an obligation to bring back the political system to a form suggested by religious norms through violence (Arena and Arrigo, 2005). In response to Ferdinand IIs decision to take away their religious freedom, the primarily Protestant northern Bohemian states of the Holy Roman Empire sought to break away, further fragmenting an already loosely structured realm. (2008). 14, 6071. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Narcotics, radicalism, and armed conflict in Central Asia: the Islamic movement of Uzbekistan. As for the immigrants, they too need to abide by the law of the land they live in. Personal. Specifically, the attack was motivated by a strong consensually shared belief among cult members that violence of this form would wash away their sins and this would allow them as a group to survive the imminent Armageddon. doi: 10.1080/10508619.2017.1286897. Importantly though, these movements do not use physical violence in their efforts, and they accept and participate in the political system in Indonesia. We propose that the present dimensions are important in understanding religious groups perspective in the contemporary Indonesian context. As some countries have modernized and industrialized, traditional religious values have often stood in stark contrast to the practices of migrant groups and tourists. The member states of the Holy Roman Empire were granted full sovereignty. But Christian was defeated, and the Peace of Lbeck in 1629 finished Denmark as a European power. In contrast, Hizbut Tahrir, a banned organization in Indonesia, proposes that Muslims are responsible to recreate an Islamic empire, by rejecting democratic systems and nation-states; however, Hizbut Tahrir does not typically engage in theological debates. This effectively calmed simmering tensions between peoples of the two faiths within the Holy Roman Empire for more than 60 years, although there were flare ups, including the Cologne War (1583-1588) and the War of the Julich Succession (1609). The political dimension is typically the most salient dimension for scholars when discussing Islamic religious extremism, as it is for other groups. Esposito, J. L. (2002). The jingle-jangle fallacy in adolescent autonomy in the family: in search of an underlying structure. We propose that intolerance of diversity in ritual practices distinguishes moderates from extreme religious groups on this dimension. doi: 10.1080/10357710902895103, Webber, D., Babush, M., Schori-Eyal, N., Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, A., Hettiarachchi, M., Belanger, J. J., et al. may unite to produce narratives for ritual purification, and to accuse Muslims who practice local traditions and their supporters of religious error. Thus, in order to do this, the article explores the ethno-religious conflicts in Southern Taraba State of Nigeria, Both these commonalities and differences have consequences for their relationship with other religious groups and the way they aim to achieve their goals. Huk. Public Choice 155, 109137. However, these groups differ from other politically extreme groups in Indonesia. Motivating people to participate in violent intergroup conflict, strong narratives about injustice and expected changes may be involved (Moghaddam, 2005; Horgan, 2008). A similar pattern may be observed among groups of Muslims who are identified as extreme in ritual dimensions. Book reviews: religious fundamentalism: global, local and personal by Peter Herriot. Thirty Years' War | Summary, Causes, Combatants, Map - Britannica Liht, J., Conway, L. G., Savage, S., White, W., and ONeill, K. A. The significance of social identity concept for social psychology with reference to individualism, interactionism, and social influence. We argue that the contemporary use of the term extreme fails to capture the different interpretations, beliefs, and attitudes defining extreme religious identity. Cainkar, L. A. The Salafy movement and other groups (e.g., Mathlaul Anwar, Wahdah al Islamiyah, etc.) American Studies. The Thirty Years' War ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which changed the map of Europe irrevocably. (2011) found that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents report higher rates of abuse, victimization, and bullying than their heterosexual peers. (2015). 1 Definitions 2 Applicability of religion to war 3 Prevalence 4 Holy war concepts in religious traditions Toggle Holy war concepts in religious traditions subsection 4.1 Ancient warfare and polytheism 4.2 Christianity 4.3 Hinduism 4.4 Islam 4.5 Judaism 4.6 Shinto 4.7 Sikhism 5 Antiquity 6 Middle Ages Toggle Middle Ages subsection To address this issue, we unpack the meaning of the term "extreme . 42, 13201340. For every dimension found in a particular context, the researchers should then explore what the indicators are of extremism compared to moderate beliefs. Jewish Studies. Muslims were rejected and vilified in Europe. Before elaborating these dimensions, it is important to note that the four focal dimensions in the present paper do not imply that other dimensions do not exist when explaining religious extremism. Philosophy. Research paper. Kemanusiaan 20, 1537. Key People: Catherine de' Medici Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Chtillon Franois de Lorraine, 2e duc de Guise Henry III Henry IV . Satisfaction with democracy and collective action problems: the case of the environment. Building on this approach, we propose that variation on the theological dimension of extremism is associated with different behaviors to achieve group goals and to show loyalty to the religious group. Frontiers | A Multidimensional Analysis of Religious Extremism Available at: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/extremist-or-terrorist-spot-the-difference/ (Accessed July 31, 2019). We argue that the contemporary use of the term "extreme" fails to capture the different interpretations, beliefs, and attitudes defining extreme religious identity. 27, 117. Religious conflict includes intolerance of other religions and discrimination against members of other religions, religious war, intellectual conflict and conflict between church and state. Who was the Holy Roman Emperor during the first half of the Thirty Years' War? 7.6: Religious Conflict in North Africa and Southwest Asia is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Following our outline of the four dimensions, we discuss a methodology for measuring context-specific religious extremism and discuss research applications. What these examples also make clear is that the content of the different dimensions and the way that moderate vs. extreme religiosity manifests itself differ for different religious groups. Psychol. London: OUP Oxford. Going beyond an analysis that equates Muslim extremism with violence, we argue that Muslims (or indeed any religious group) may be extreme in some dimensions but moderate in others, e.g., extreme in ritual and moderate in political. Recently, we witnessed a surge in psychological research examining the role of religion in human life (e.g., Ysseldyk et al., 2010; Coyle and Lyons, 2011; Brambilla et al., 2016). Available at: http://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/bigger-than-ahok-explaining-jakartas-2-december-mass-rally/ (Accessed February 15, 2019). Belief in the groups claims and willingness to act based on the groups norms can overcome the actors rational choice perspectives. In particular, we challenge the idea that religious extremism manifests only in one particular way and suggest that one dimension of religious extremism (e.g., a radical agenda in politics) may not necessarily be accompanied by extremism in another dimension (e.g., intolerance for diversity in rituals). The research is also supported by an Australian Research Discovery grant (DP170101008) awarded to JJ. The treaty of October 24, 1648, comprehended the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, France, and Sweden. As a result, there has been an intense debate concerning the social risk vs. value of religion and its role within the state (Coyle and Lyons, 2011). The transnational network of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia. doi: 10.1080/09546553.2010.491009. 14, 108125. These labels fail to capture the various religious groups similarities and differences across different dimensions, and wrongly cluster together religious actors with quite different historical pasts and future trajectories. A. There's no politically correct way to tell this story. However, they tend to accept the current political system employed to rule the nation. In most current conflicts, fighting is basically not about civilization and religion, but about territories, raw materials, and trade and money. Why does Religion cause Conflict? - Shivani Buddha Soc. doi: 10.1482/84098. Forbes. Get HISTORYs most fascinating stories delivered to your inbox three times a week. From the Bastile day attack at Nice, France to the Berlin Christmas Market Attack, according to Europol, 62 people were killed in Jihadist attacks in 2017, in 2018, the number was 13 and last year, it was 10. These negative stereotypes can lead to separation, status loss, and discrimination, as well as wasted resources in mis-targeted counter-terrorism initiatives, and squandered political capital. Intra-group processes include the specific group norms that control the members moral compass and relations to each other. With or without support for violent means of creating change, the advocacy toward comprehensive sharia law as well as the revival of an Islamic empire reflects a radical agenda to transform the current established political system. Interestingly, such theological beliefs do not lead to a push for change of the political system, but only to an invitation to return to Islamic norms as they understand them. J. Rev. Millions of people died in such wars, and entire nations were wiped out. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. In France, for example, everyone is expected to adopt the French secular culture, French values and the French language. Simon, B., Reichert, F., and Grabow, O. Criticism of 2 recent attempts to scale Glock and starks dimensions of religiosity: a research note. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2016.1082418, Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., and Turner, J. C. (1999). Have you ever thought about the impact of religious conflict on global politics? Over the ensuing years, the French army had several notable victories, but also suffered significant defeats, particularly at the Battle of Herbsthausen in 1645. The divide is real and it is deepening. Jihad perspektif Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (Jihad from the perspective of Hizbut Tahrir of Indonesia). Religious Violence, Causes and Solutions - Hindu Website Rev. Moving away from over-simplified representations of religious groups as politically motivated, the presented framework offers a practical method to understand the multi-faceted nature of extremism. J. Psychol. 63, 149164. Finally, some groups that are located at the extreme end of the ritual dimension are actively campaigning to purify religious rituals and to suppress local traditions that are perceived as deviating from Islam. Religious fundamentalism and psychological well-being: an Italian study. For example, normative beliefs associated with an authoritarian image of God predict more support for capital punishment (Bader and Palmer, 2011). Therefore, what is perceived as extreme in one historical or cultural context may be moderate or mainstream in another. Kingdom of god: modern interpretations in The encyclopedia of Christian civilization. Carlucci, L., Tommasi, M., Balsamo, M., Furnham, A., and Saggino, A. Psychol. 11, 189198. This resulted in a Gordian tangle of alliances as princes and prelates called in foreign powers to aid them. The different ways in which religious groups express their religious identity on the theological, ritual, social, and political dimensions affect not only the ways they aim to achieve their goals but also the ways they relate to other religious groups. For example, they have a broader conception of jihad (i.e., a struggle for positive change), and they do not prevent their members from participating in the current political system. For example, following 9/11, almost 70% of the U.S. security policies targeted Arabs and Muslims as they were seen to be associated with the adherents of extremist movement (Cainkar, 2009).
Traditional Capocollo Recipe, Miami Falls Canal System, Articles C